My Obstacles and Outcomes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

My Obstacles and Outcomes - Essay Example The problem was that we needed to know what to do with children who are not bilingual and cannot understand the Korean language. I was an English teacher. My job was to lead the children through different activities and preach to them in English. This was a very frustrating experience since I had never preached before. There was also the problem of age differences. I had to handle children as young as 4-5 years of age as well as children who were in the 5th or 6th grade. I was used to smaller groups of children and these were larger. The first day was a nightmare. Firstly, I was not used to delivering a 25-minute sermon. Secondly, I could not get their attention. Thirdly, the preaching level was not up to par to their level of understanding. After brainstorming, matters improved. I came up with strategies. I created a PowerPoint presentation. I also searched for funny simple images that related to the bible story. For example, in telling the story of the blind man I found a picture o f a blind person. I used a strategy of questioning with storyboards and I also found short video clips from YouTube that related to the bible stories. Every child had a chance to answer and as a reward, I provided candy for answering the questions correctly. The final outcome was superb. The children paid attention to the bible study, during arts and crafts, and during their eating periods. The aim of the project was to have them get to know Christ. I was able to do this by creating a visual effect to catch their attention, providing different questions to match all ages, and rewarding them. In conclusion, the project was a challenge. The summer bible camp was an experience that increased my knowledge of teaching. These experiences made me think of new ideas. I am now a Sunday school teacher for 3rd and 4th graders at a new church. I am now able to handle international students more readily. I love teaching and getting to know the children. I hope to encounter other tasks to overcom e and gain knowledge from it, as a member of the Teach For America Corporation.

I will discuss about the problem of over population and STDs and Essay

I will discuss about the problem of over population and STDs and propose solution such as using condoms that should help people - Essay Example With the opposing viewpoints of pro-life and pro-choice though, there is a glaring promise with appropriate education and the use of barrier contraceptives. Why educate? Illiteracy causes people to take things for granted. People do not understand how overpopulation can be perilous to human survival in terms of the competition for food and resources. With that, family planning programs fail to penetrate the society’s outlook and the excessive rise of human population results from irresponsible parenthood and unwanted pregnancies. Furthermore, without appropriate education, STD cases continue to rise significantly especially among the young adult population worldwide. Sex education varies widely across nations. Some countries start to introduce topics of conception as early as 7 years old, while few countries still debate on the extent of how much is to be taught considering its ethical aspect to their culture and religion. Contraception, for instance, faced great controversy a nd garnered criticisms as to its moral and ethical impact. Debates usually arise when the use of contraceptives is taken into consideration. One online article by Kelly Shircliff strongly points out that â€Å"contraceptives are anti- life†. ... Unlike abortion, barrier methods need not be tagged with an ethical dilemma since any union of sperm and ovum does not occur. And unlike anti- ovulant drugs, condoms do not interfere with the body’s natural processes. Furthermore, the use of condoms prevents transmission of infection by preventing actual contact with secretions in the reproductive tract of both partners. In fact, in an interview by Peter Seewald, Pope Benedict XVI said that â€Å"there may be a basis in the case of some individuals, as perhaps when a male prostitute uses a condom†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Simply speaking, the pope himself considers using condom as a protection against the â€Å"evil of HIV infection†. Undeniably, this pressing issue cannot be solved by hypocrisy. Meanwhile, according to the Center for Disease Control, reportable sexually contracted infections affect more than 15 million Americans per year and account for almost one third of the reproductive mortality in the United States. This is ultimately alarming since the country’s manpower is affected which in turn impairs development. In addition, the total cost of health care on STD cases reaches from $9.3B to $15.5B in mid 1990s (Chesson et. al. 11). Spending this huge amount of money could have been prevented had the government took effective preventive measures, that is, by promoting the use of condoms. While drafting the proposal, the government may face the criticisms of the conservative, religious and political parties of the society. Taking it in positive perspective, a feasible and acceptable policy will likely be formulated. First, condoms must be made readily available and less expensive to target consumers. The government may purchase condoms from manufacturing companies and in turn sell it

The Types Of Money Used Today Economics Essay

The Types Of Money Used Today Economics Essay The types of money used today include; Coins, Paper currency, Bank drafts, Money orders, Stocks, Bonds, Treasury bills, Credit cards, ATM cards, Options, Gift certificates, Cheques,Travelers Cheques and many more. Money is converted into two categories, commodity and fiat money. 2.2.1Commodity money What constitutes a commodity? A commodity is generally accepted, without further clarification, as anything that can be bought or sold. This prompts further questioning. What is the communitys present accepted means for buying and selling? The answer is,money. A commodity therefore is a thing to which a money price can be attached and which can therefore be bought or sold with money. If money itself is a commodity, then money is a thing that can be bought or sold with money. The above reasoning not only involves a vicious circular logic of explaining and defining something in terms of itself, but also paves the way for an ascending infinite inflationary spiral (Peter Lock 2008). According to Peter Lock (2008), the definition of a commodity needs to be modified if it is to be consistent and to avoid all circular logic. An economic commodity is any marketable goods or service which has an intrinsic value in itself and whose value can be relatively assessed using an extrinsic suitable stable non-commodity money standard and hence bought and sold. In other words, an economic commodity is any marketable good, other than money, which money itself can buy. Modern money either as bits of plastic or paper, or as numbers in ledgers and computer memories, has no intrinsic value in itself. Its only value is its otherness. It does perform a valuable service in the marketplace by measuring the value of all other goods and services and facilitating their exchange. The mindset of money as a bartering device should not be included in or confused with the mindset for its use as a commodity. Their purposes and functions are self-contradictory, being diametrically opposite. The former exists as a stable extrinsic measure of worth for a community as a whole to use. The latter as an unstable intrinsic measure of marketplace purchasing power for individuals to abuse in their exploitation of the whole global community for their own personal aggrandizement and exercise of usurped power (Peter Lock, 2008). According to Peter Lock (2008), as long as money is treated as a commodity, uncertainty and insecurity must result. It is not a question of throwing the baby out with the bathwater. It is simply a challenge to devise a system whereby the rich well fed haves can keep their fat share of humanitys commonwealth cake and at the same time let the poor hungry have-nots eat a just and reasonable thin slice of it as well. Money as a commodity only exists for the personal profit and increasing wealth and power of the haves: some of the rich get richer, all the poor get poorer. In an economic system where money is self-self functioning in positive feedback as a commodity, the evil treatment meted out to the have-nots who constitute the vast majority of the community becomes more and more inhumane. The term commodity money can be given to the kind of money that is at the same time a commercial commodity. Commodity money has an intrinsic value and that means it is considered to be worth something in its own right rather than simply being a token of financial value such as a banknote. The commodity itself constitutes the money, and the money is the commodity. The best known form of commodity money is gold or silver coins, though any commodity can fulfill this role. The commodity itself; since more is being produced and less being used for non-monetary purposes, the resources devoted to additional production and the benefits forgone must be counted as the price of the system. Examples of commodities that have been used as medium of exchange include gold, silver, copper, salt, peppercorns, large stones, shells, alcohol, barley and cigarettes, just to highlight a few. These items were sometimes used in a metric of perceived value in conjunction to one another, in various commodity v aluation or Price System economies With a commodity money balances is part of the markets for goods and services. Use of commodity money is more the same with barter system. The use of shells or ivory was nearly universal before humans discovered how to work with precious metals; in China, Africa, and many other areas, use of cowrie shells was common. Historically speaking, many different metals have been used as standard money: iron in ancient Sparta, tin in ancient Syracuse and probably also in early Egypt, copper in early Palestine and in early Rome, and brass until recently in many parts of China. In modern times, however, monometallism has been based mostly on the so-called precious metals, silver and gold, with an increasing preponderance of gold since the latter part of the last century. Historically, the strongest and most stable currencies were those backed by gold and silver. It was this gold/silver backing that gave the currency its intrinsic value. In most cases, a countrys currency was actually gold or silver coins. Gold and silver have always been a universal form of money and measure of wealth providing stability in an otherwise unstable world (Tony DiCicco, 2002). A commodity money can give rise to a large amount of price instability if either there are large changes in the supply of the commodity or if there are large changes in the non-monetary use of the commodity. An example of a commodity money that gave rise to price fluctuations is the cigarette currency used in POW camps in the Second World War. The price of goods in terms of cigarettes depended on the relative availability of cigarettes and goods. If no cigarettes were received in the camp for some time, the supply of them would diminish (because prisoners would use them as commodities: they would smoke them) and their value would rise. A rise in the value of cigarettes meant that cigarettes bought more, or that prices fell. When a shipment of cigarettes would arrive, their increased availability would cause their value to drop, which meant prices would rise. Its stated that the erratic delivery of cigarettes and the resulting waves of inflation and deflation were a major problem in t he mini-economy of the POW (camphttp://ingrimayne.com/econ/Money/Commodities.html). Colonists often resorted to the use of commodity money, where a colonys principal commodity would circulate as a medium of exchange. The Massachusetts Bay Colony used corn and beaver skins as its medium of exchange. In the Southern colonies, it was tobacco and rice; and throughout most of the colonies, animal skins, corn, powder and gun shot, and livestock were often used. Since the market value of commodity money was determined by supply and demand, its value as money often decreased when there was an over supply in the marketplace. In addition, commodity money lacked uniform quality, and was prone to spoilage, difficult to transport, and costly to store (http://www.bos.frb.org/education/pubs/historyo.pdf ). pictures below shows examples of commodity money that where used: Gold Silver Shells Barley 2.2.2Fiat money The currency we all use today is legal tender for taxes and debts. It has no intrinsic value, it is not convertible and it is not tyrannically imposed on all transactions. This money fiat money was born in Massachusetts in 1690. Historians have claimed that it was a simple wartime substitution of fiat money for specie, as has happened many times since then, but this view is anachronistic. Later governments learned from Massachusetts that fiat money is a good wartime emergency, but for Massachusetts this was not an obvious idea (Dror Goldberg). Dror Goldberg mentions that Massachusetts had to issue money to pacify mutinous troops who returned defeated from war. However, formally issuing money, and backing it with land (as was then standard), would have been fatal for the long-run independence of the colony. Massachusetts had lost its charter in 1684, partly because it minted its own coins (a violation of the royal coinage prerogative). Moreover, all the colonys land was temporarily considered to be the kings land from 1687-1691. In 1690, when Massachusetts had to issue money, its agents were lobbying for a new charter in London. It could not afford to upset the king by violating his coinage prerogative again and backing money with his land. The solution was to issue IOUs, as any English subject was allowed to do, not back it with land, and not force it on trade. Like any IOU issuer the colony could offset its credits with it, namely making it legal tender for taxes. It was also made effectively legal tender for debts in an elaborate, dishonest way. The outcome was fiat money (Dror Goldberg). The Massachusetts Bay Colony issued in 1776. The evolution of commodity money into paper in America Paper money first appeared in America in in the late 17th century. In 1690, the government of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, in an effort to increase government spending while avoiding the unpopular act of raising taxes, began printing paper money to pay for its expenses. To convince the Massachusetts Bay colonists to accept the paper as payment, the government promised to redeem the paper in gold and silver coin collected in taxes at a later date. It also promised to never print paper money again. While both promises were quickly broken by the government, is is interesting to see that, again, what caused people to begin accepting paper money as payment for goods and services, is the understanding that the money could ultimately be redeemed for tangible wealth in the form of the commodity money in use at the time (Chris Lind). The pictures below is an example of fiat money: Federal Reserve Note 1941 Federal Reserve Note 1950 The evolution of commodity money into paper in China Paper money first arose in China around 800 AD during the Tang Dynasty. Prior to the existence of paper money, a merchant selling his goods in the city of Szechuan, risked loss by theft as he transported his commodity money and unsold goods back to his home city. As a way of earning revenue, the Chinese government, in posession of fortified strongholds in each city to store tax revenues, offered the following service. For a fee, a merchant could deposit their gold and silver coin with the government in city A. In exchange the merchant received a paper receipt for the gold deposited. When the merchant arrived back home at city B, he could go to the treasury of that city to redeem his paper reciept for the commodity money in use. Over time, as people learned that the commodity represented by the paper would actually be there, merchants began buying and selling with the paper receipts themselves (Chris Lind). Kuan note is the oldest known banknote in the world (Mike Hewitt) However, its use was very short-lived, by 1455, after over 600 years, the Chinese abandoned paper money due to numerous problems of over issuance and hyperinflation. The term fiat money can be given to money that comprises things with a special legal qualification and the money used today is fiat money.Fiat means let it be done or by order of authority. Fiat money basically means that the currency has no intrinsic value (nor can it be redeemed for precious metals or something of intrinsic value) and the money is based solely on faith. Rather, the currency is only backed by the goodwill of the government that issues it. Normally the government is the one that declares legal tender. With fiat money its not real but it represents goods and services that it can buy thus it can be defined as the baskets of goods and services that it represents. For fiat money to be valued, the money supply must be limited and it must be impossible to counterfeit (PÄ ±nar Yesin 2010). Fiat money is created by a narrow cadre of globalist bankers that seek a new World order. Fiat money is created out of thin air. The fiat system is based on debt. We owe and they are owed. With the power they accrue, a plan has been launched to reorganize all aspects of human life. That plan is called Agenda 21 or Sustainable Development. It is a U.N. program, agreed to by 178 nations, that is designed to create a world order where human beings are regarded as biological resources. The evolving system does not recognize unalienable rights (Michael Shaw, 2009). Since fiat money has no direct legal connection to a commodity money there is no real economic cost to its production, the supply of a fiat money can never be self-limiting; and the value of a fiat money is always largely a matter of public confidence in the economic or political stability of the issuer. Historically every major fiat money have self-destructed in what is popularly called hyperinflation caused by either unlimited increases in the supply of that fiat money by the issuer or accelerating loss of public confidence in the continued value of the money or the economic or political fortunes of its issuer or both. Steve Elwart says that today, fiat money will always bring on inflation for two reasons: 1) Politicians like to induce inflation because it gives the people the illusion of prosperity and 2) its declared value is much higher than the cost of producing it. Whether it is a $1 or $100 bill in fiat money, it costs only 4 cents to produce. In todays electronic age, the pr oduction cost for new money is zero since money creation is just a keystroke and an entry in cyber-space. On the other hand, in history, if you had a $20 gold piece, the cost of that gold piece, less the cost to produce it, was about $20 (Steve Elwart). The Barter system was prevalent before the origin of fiat currency. In this system, commodities were exchanged for commodities. For example, if one person need rice and the other one need coconut, the person who has cultivates rice has to search and find out the person having coconut. Only then the exchange will take place. This itself was the serious disadvantage of barter system. For some times the different commodities acted as money and they were named as commodity money. After years of a coin system the paper fiat currency came in to existence. In the coinage, a gold smith acted sometimes as a banker. A government body started to control the printing of all types of moneys. Banks started to deal with money. They accepted savings and gave loans in the form of money. Apart from these transactions, banks started to generate bank money ( Robert Mendez). Modern society again replaced old money with other new forms of money like, demand drafts, credit cards, etc. Now we dont need to keep a liquid form of money with us. All our transactions can be made by using credit cards. We can do all our shopping with these cards. Even if money is used in different forms, the importance of money is still not deteriorated. According to Steve Elwart in his research entitled Commodity Money and Fiat Money: A Bushel of Wheat for a Penny, says that a government puts fiat money into circulation first by connecting it to a gold or silver standard, but then cuts the link and says that gold and paper are no longer convertible, making the piece of paper legal tender for all debts public and private. It is obvious that debtors would be very happy if the pa-per money lost its value because they could pay their debts with inflated currency. In a letter to Edward Carrington in 1788, Thomas Jefferson wrote, Paper is poverty à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ it is only the ghost of money, and not money itself. Jefferson died bankrupt because of the early United States money (monetary) pol-icy based on paper. It is not that fiat currency is a new invention. Fiat currency actually made its appearance over 1,000 years ago. China was the first country to issue true paper money around the 10th century A.D. Although the notes were valued at a certain ex-change rate for gold, silver, or silk, conversion was never allowed in practice. The bills were supposed to be redeemed after three years in circulation, but as more bills were printed with the older notes being refused redemption, inflation became evident. Government measures to prop up the currency were unsuccessful and it fell out of favor (Steve Elwart) . Steve continues to say that at this point, people start to feel the pinch of their money buying less. They demand that their government do some-thing. Since studies have shown that voters only have a memory of one year when it comes to politics, politicians will make sure that the economy is good in an election year.6 They will artificially stimulate the economy to give voters the illusion that times are good again and reelect the incumbents. This lasts only so long and inflation, with its problems kick in again. This cycle of increasing the currency supply and price inflation ultimately ends with the collapse of the currency, sometimes preceded by hyperinflation. (Hyperinflation and its cultural effects will be covered in Part 3 of this series.) Surprisingly, the country has not learned its lesson and the devalued fiat currency is replaced with yet another fiat currency. Greece is a perfect example of this cycle (Steve Elwart). Steve Elwart says the Greek drachma was minted in gold and silver in ancient Greece and made its reappearance as a fiat currency in 1841. Since then, the value of the drachma decreased. During the German-Italian occupation of the country from 1941-1944, hyperinflation ravaged the country, ending with the issuance of 100,000,000,000 (100 billion)-drachma notes in 1944. After Greece was liberated from Germany, old drachmae were ex-changed for new ones at the rate of 50,000,000,000 to 1. Only paper money was issued, again a fiat currency. Greece then went on a program of deficit spending for social programs and inflation started once again. In 1953, in an effort to halt inflation, Greece joined the Bretton Woods system and the drachma was revalued at a rate of 1000 old drachma to one new drachma. In 1973 the Bretton Woods System was abolished; over the next 25 years the official exchange rate gradually declined, from 30 drachmas to one U.S. dollar to a ratio of 400:1. On January 1, 2002, the Greek drachma was officially replaced as the circulating currency by the Euro (again a fiat currency). Today, Greece is once again is in trouble. After years of continued deficit spending and the governments easy monetary policy, Greeces financial situation was badly exposed when the global economic downturn struck. Very quickly, the governments creative accounting practices were exposed. The national debt, put at à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬300 billion ($413.6 billion), is bigger than the countrys entire economy, with some estimates placing it at 120 percent of gross domestic product in 2010. The countrys deficit-how much more it spends than it takes in-is 12.7 percent (Steve Elwart). This time though, Greece just cant inflate their way out of the problem. Now that they are on the Euro (in the Euro-zone), they have little control over their monetary policy. All their loans are in Euros and they must pay back the loans in Euros. One way to balance the national books is to implement harsh and unpopular spending cuts. Another way is to default on their debt. This would seriously damage the Euro as other countries look at default as a way out of their financial problems. (In fact, financial experts are predicting the demise of the Euro in as early as five years.8) A third way out is to separate itself from the Euro, go back on the drachma (fiat currency again) and then set an exchange rate of the drachma to the Euro at an artificially high number. The cycle of fiat money would then begin again. As long as a country is on a fiat currency, inflation is sure to follow. Using a fiat currency could well reduce a civilization to work an entire day for a bushel of wheat,(Ste ve Elwart). Failures of Government fiat money History has taught that lodging monopoly power over the nations stock of currency in a purely discretionary central bank, unconstrained by a monetary constitution, is highly dangerous. The money-process is likely to become politicized, with monetary policy becoming subservient to fiscal policy and with monetary authorities exhibiting a bias toward inflation. James A. Dorn mentions that a study of about 30 currencies shows that there has not been a single case of a currency freely manipulated by its government or central bank since 1700 which enjoyed price stability for at least 30 years running. Although the Fed has achieved intermittent price stability since its inception in 1913, its long-run performance has been unsatisfactory, especially when compared to commodity-based standards such as the classical gold standard. The issuance of fiat money by governments is, in truth, a white collar crime; and, as happens when white collar crimes are discovered, a highly visible paper trail le ads directly back to the wrongdoers-in this case, the central banks (Darryl Robert Schoon). In fiat based economies, time is the enemy and 95 years have passed since fiat money was introduced into the US. In America and elsewhere time is passing and the clock is ticking and recently its been sounding more and more like a time bomb (Darryl Robert Schoon) . Comparison between types of money Fiat money is the term for a medium of exchange which is neither a commercial commodity, a consumer, or a producer good, nor title to any such commodity: that is irredeemable paper money. In contrast, commodity money refers to a medium of exchange which is either a commercial commodity or a title thereto. There is no doubt that fiat money is possible. Its theoretical possibility was recognized long ago, and since 1971, when the last remnants of a former international gold (commodity) standard were abolished, all monies, everywhere, have in fact been nothing but irredeemable pieces of paper (Hans-Hermann Hoppe). As asserted by Cary A. Deck, Kevin A. McCabe and David P. Porter ( ),fiat money is a convention that allows individuals to complete trades without relying on the coincidence of wants or diverting valuable commodities to serve as money. In order for individuals to accept intrinsically worthless fiat money in exchange for valuable goods, the agents must believe that the money can be used to complete subsequent purchases of other goods or services. Advantages of Commodity money According to the information about commodities monies on the internet, the reduced value of the money will encourage people to use the item more in its commodity use. For example, if gold serves as money, and its value drops, people will increase their use of gold for jewelry, tableware, and artistic purposes. Their actions will reflect the law of demand: whenever a commodity becomes cheaper, people use more of it. Thus if there is a sudden influx of gold into a country that uses it as money, part of the influx will be diverted to its commodity use, and the effects on the amount of money, and hence on the price level, will be lessened. On the other hand, a sudden decline will also be cushioned, because as the commodity grows more valuable, people will transfer it from its commodity use into a monetary use. If the amount of gold declines and it rises in value, there is an incentive to melt down jewelry, tableware, and artistic objects and use the gold as money. Hence a doubling of gol d may not double the amount of money, and cutting the amount of gold by one half may not cut money by one half (http://ingrimayne.com/econ/Money/Commodities.html ). Another reason for price stability with a commodity money exists when that commodity is used by many other nations. When the price level in any one nation changes, the commodity will flow across borders to where it is most valuable( Robert Schenk, PhD, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1977 ). Disadvantages of Commodity Money When valuable resources are used as money, those resources cannot be used for consumption. Copper used to make pennies cannot be used to make electrical wire. The supply of money is determined by supply of the commodity. The money supply could fluctuate substantially. The discovery of new gold would mean that the supply of money would increase and the price level would rise. There is a lack of stability when a currency depends on being able to find and produce a particular naturally occurring but naturally rare substance. When gold is being used as commodity money it can be a disadvantage since the government cant meaningfully increase the supply of gold over a short period of time, for example the Fed can be able to increase the supply of fiat money in 10 weeks by more than 100%, with gold this cannot be accomplished. . Advantages of Fiat money Is an efficient form of money; since it can be produced costlessly, there is a gain from using it instead of something else that is both costly to produce and has alternative uses (Neil Wallace).Uses relatively little of societys resources. Fiat money has an advantage over commodity money in the senses that the same laws that come up with laws that created the money can also make a decision to replace the money if it ever gets damaged or destruction occurs. Fiat money has more stability as compared that of gold-backed currency in the sense that commodity based currencies are inherently pro-cyclic, increasing volatility in terms of the regular business cycle and come and go recessions. This stability allows investors, capitalists and creditors to make rational, firm decisions based on sound expectations that have little room for uncertainty; and thus make more risky and subjective investments. Studies also shows that during the Great depression, countries that used fiat currency syste m fared more stable and much better off than those dependent on commodity-based currency. As mentioned by Chris Lind, fiat money is generally seen as a convenience or a protectionist system; It is much easier to carry around a piece of paper than 50 pounds of gold or some other commodity. Trustworthiness; the community trusts that the paper receipt or certificate actually represents the tangible good printed on the paper. Fiat money can and still created in arbitrary amounts, and is made more available on a favorable basis to the government and commercial banks. With fiat money the Fed can be able to increase the supply by more than 100% within 10 weeks, the advantage of being able to do that is that the government can manipulate the system to mitigate panics and disasters. Take for example the last fall would have being a bigger mess if gold was the monetary numeraire Disadvantages of Fiat Money The longer a fiat money system exists, the greater the odds of economic collapse. Over time fiat credit money destroys economies because time exacerbates the systemic flaws of credit-based, sic capital, markets (Darryl Robert Schoon). Fiat money is not self limiting, which can make nations which rely on this type of currency extremely vulnerable to hyperinflation. Government controls money supply and it may cause inflation by printing too much money the following example shows how fiat money can really cause inflation the example is taken from a journal by Andrew Digeson White (1933), early in the year 1789 the French nation found itself in deep financial embarrassment: there was a heavy debt and a serious deficit. The vast reforms of that period, though a lasting blessing politically, were a temporary evil financially. There was a general want of confidence in business circles; capital had shown its proverbial timidity by retiring out of sight as far as possible; throughout the land was stagnation. Fiat money becomes worthless when its no longer used that is when the government declares. Fiat money distorts the time value of money and in so doing destroys both money and the economies that use it (Darryl Robert Schoon).

Animal Farms Essay -- Literary Analysis, Orwell

Though Communism started in the early 1900s, its adverse effects are still felt in modern economies, global relations, and even literature such as Animal Farm by George Orwell. Communism started under the rule of Vladimir Lenin a man who brought prosperity and reform. Then it was passed down to the vengeful dictator Joseph Stalin. After several changes in power, it remains as an economic and political system. Like the animals in Animal Farm the people want a great change, and are willing to stop at no cost. However, like the Russian people they soon find out that by using communism to free them from bondage, they are only slaves to a new master and lose all reminisce of past culture. The winter of 1917 was one of the harshest winters Russia had faced in years. Food was scarce and the people were ravaged with disease. Peasants morosely toiled in the fields only to see their harvest consumed by the aristocracy. Each day was a prolonging of the inevitable revolution to come. However, like all great revolutions, they needed both an ideological leader, and one with the ability to carry out the actual revolution. These qualities were found in Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin. Like Old Major in Animal Farm, Karl Marx spurs the revolution with the idea that the proletariats no longer have to be subservient to the Bourgeoisie (Marx xi). The animals had the incentive to follow Old Major, because he envisioned a totally equal society and wonders such as hot and cold water in all barns. A classless society appealed to the majority of Russians of whom 80% were serfs (Gottfried 79). Now that the ideological aspect had been taken care of they just needed someone to put the plan in to action. Vladimir Lenin was the head of the Bolshevik (those of ... ...Putin is the current Prime Minister of Russia and has said he wishes to run again in the next elections. Though the Cold War has been over for more than 19 years communism has soured Russian relations with the U.S. and all the countries it previously occupied. Russia is still undergoing economic and political transition, but like the animals in Animal Farm, in order to gain freedom they have become their own worst enemies; capitalists. In conclusion the deceiving lure of utopian communism is depicted in Animal Farm by George Orwell. Like the Russian people the animals hope to have a totally equal society, but for this dream they must sacrifice much more. They eventually succumb to totalitarian communism and in order to gain freedom must pay the ultimate price. For the animals it was becoming the humans and for the Russian people it was succumbing to capitalism.

Germination experiment Essay

Method: 1. Put some soil in every beaker and make sure it is almost the same amount 2. Place 5 beans inside each beaker at the same level beneath the soil 3. Pour 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 ml of water in each beaker respectively and keep watering them every 2 days 4. Leave the beakers close to a good light source 5. After a week record the length of the stem of the plants in each beaker Variables: 1. Dependant: Height and growth of the plants 2. Independent: Amount of water 3. Controlled: Where the beakers are placed, amount of soil, amount of seeds, type of seeds, how often the plats are watered (Initially it was decided that the amount of water we would use would be 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 ml but we decided to lower the amount of water so that the plants wouldn’t drown) Results: amount of water (ml) Length of plants (cm) average length (cm)   Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Conclusion: The first thing we can see from the results is a boundary in the amount of water in relation with the beaker size and the amount of soil. In the table we can see that after the 20ml of water the seeds drowned and so they didn’t grew at all. But if we take in comparison the length of the plants in the beaker with 20ml with the one with 10ml we can see that with more water the germination takes place faster. For example in the results table we have the average growth of the plant of about 10. 5 cm and in the 20ml an average growth of 17. 8, so evidently we can say that the hight the amount of water, the faster the seeds will germinate and the higher they will grow. Evaluation: I think that in general this experiment was carried out fairly in terms of the type of seed, thay were kept in a well lit place, all the beakers had the same soil and the same amount of it, etc. The problem was that the plants were drowned so we couldn’t get a good set of results, so if he experiment had to be carried out again I would set a limit of water to allow the plants to actualy germinate.

Economic of Industry

Despite the different degree of competitions and the level of development in the market across the various types of industries, most firms are continuously and consistently looking for ways and opportunities to enhance their ability to grow or even to just maintain sustainability and survival in the industry. Firms carry out diversification such as developing new lines and products, joint ventures and acquiring firms in unrelated lines of business, to improve on their corporate efficiency and benefits of the shareholder. For example, if a firm’s business focuses on seasonal products such as selling heating equipment, sales will do well during the autumn and winter months. However, to ensure the firm’s survival and maintain its business during the summer, it will need to carry out diversification such as establishing new product lines (i. e. Air conditioners). Therefore, firms diversify to achieve economies of scales and scope, to economize on transaction costs, improving shareholder’s diversification by reducing risks, as well as identifying undervalued firms. This paper will look at the different advantages and drawbacks of diversification as well as their economic validity. Diversification for Economies of Scales and Scopes It has been said that when a firm is able to achieve economies of scale, the production levels becomes more efficient as the number of goods being produced increases. With the increase in production levels, firms will then able to lower their average cost per unit as the fixed cost are able to spread out over a large number of goods. For large firms, this will be a great advantage to them as it allows these firms to be able to gain access to a larger market. Furthermore with a lower average cost in production, they will be able to position their products at a more cheaply and affordable pricing in the market, giving firms a competitive advantage as well as it sits greatly for the consumer. A good example of such company would be Wal-Mart WMT. Being a dominant player in the retailing industry as well as the sheer size of the company, Wal-Mart has great efficiencies at keeping costs low as the company has tremendous bargaining power with its suppliers. This allows Wal-Mart to be able to retail their products at a heaper price as well as having inexpensive distributions. However, it has been said that diversifying for economies of scales has an adverse effect on the smaller to medium size firms as it raises cost instead. It is generally true if the concept is viewed narrowly but small firms nowadays has managed to find ways to create opportunities to achieve economies of scales such as buying services, sharing risks and scaling through tech nology. Most small firms rather engaged services from a larger company as opposed to doing the job in-house to cut cost. Therefore any organizations servicing these smaller businesses (i. e. payroll services) are view as an â€Å"economies of scale† from the perspective of the small firms. Economies of Scopes on the other hand has a similar concept as economies of scales but refers more to firms that are able to lower their average cost by developing and producing or providing two or more products in their businesses. This means that a given level of production cost of each product line by a firm is much lower as compared to the given output level of a single product each produced by a combination of separate firms. An example of a company that uses economies of scope at its advantage would be Daiso. Daiso produced and retail hundreds of products from foods to house cleaning materials which allow them to offer standardization in their product’s pricings. With higher demands and production level as well as a lower average cost achieved through economies of scales, it definitely does help for firms to diversify so as to maximise their profit margins. Economizing on transaction costs Transaction costs in economics are unavoidable by firms and are usually incurred when making economic transactions such as buying or making products. Transaction cost complicates coordination as well as affecting the firms’ profit and loss. It reduces profit margin and a high transaction cost over time may result in firms having to face huge losses. For example, for a firm to produce a product it will need to carry out R&D and obtain information from different kind of sources which cost money. Therefore to reduce or economize the transaction costs, firms diversify by carrying out merger and acquisition. For example, in order to expand its revenue stream, Dell Inc, an American multinational computer technology corporation has decided to extend its target market to the gaming industry by creating a new line of product of gaming PCs. However, it requires Dell to carry out R&D to obtain and search for relevant information on the product and the target market and all this accumulates as transaction costs. Therefore to avoid incurring high transaction cost, Dell Inc. ad decided to acquire Alienware, a manufacturer of high-end gaming PCs in 2006. In conclusion, firm diversifying to economize transaction cost is viable and valid in the economic market as it helps to reduce cost thus improving the profit margin for the firms. Internal Capital Markets Internal Capital Markets of diversified firms allows firms to properly allocate its resources according to how its best use. It creat es efficiencies and increases firm’s control of funds which allows easier monitoring and lowers the monitoring costs as well as reducing chances of fraud. In addition, internal capital market allows firm to have informational advantage to make the necessary changes and allocation to its resources when it is being used improperly. For example; if the cost of issuing shares at a bargain price to the old shareholders outweigh project’s net profit value, the firm may decide to forgo NPV project which in return result in an underinvestment problem. However through internal capital market, diversified firms are able to allocate resources more efficiently and diminish the underinvestment problems. Internal capital market however may cause firms more harm than good. As established by Stulz (1990), diversification may engender influence costs and result in cross-subsidisation where some diversified firms tend to underinvest in high-performing projects and overinvest in the lower ones. This may have adverse impact on firm’s return and profitability as a firm allocating too many resources on a segment that relatively had less investment opportunities is unconditionally leaving some of the better projects in other segments underinvested which may bring in more profits to the firm. Shareholder’s diversification Diversifying helps to reduce firm’s risk and smooth out its earnings stream. However, most shareholders do not benefit from this as they are able to diversify their portfolio at near zero cost through investing in many different options. However, there is a fraction of shareholders whom are unable to carry out diversification on their own. They are usually the owners of firms whom investments are largely based on their own business and are the leasing shareholder of the firm. Due to this, the shareholders are unable to carry out proper portfolio diversification and therefore rely and benefit greatly from the risk reductions carried out by firms. For example, a firm developing new lines of businesses internally reduce its risk of failing as it streams of revenue are being segregated and relied on different channels. If one was to fail, there will be other means of business for the firm to recoup its losses and streaming in revenue. With this, the firm shareholders’ risks are being indirectly reduced as well. Identifying undervalued Firm Undervalued firm’s assets and potential earning power are usually inadequately reflected in its stock price. This means these firms are actually worth more than what is being expected of them in the market. Therefore, other firms whom are able to recognize this mispricing diversify and acquire these undervalued firms and benefits from the acquisition by gaining the differences between the value and purchased price as surplus. For example, General Electronics has over the years been carrying out acquisition and diversifies its business which allows stability in its earnings. However, identifying undervalued firm is not easy and some firm acquisition can bring more harm the benefits to a company. Furthermore, public firms traded in reasonably efficient markets may have their valuation surplus quickly eliminated by the premiums paid on market prices. Therefore, it is more viable in the economics to carry out acquisitions in less efficient markets or acquire private businesses. Conclusion In conclusion, though diversification come with a cost for firms and may be difficult to be carried out in some cases, I do believe that it is valid in economics as it greatly benefit firms in reducing risk and widen its revenue stream which in returns increases profit margins. Therefore, firms should see diversification as a viable option in expanding its business.

The Effect of Famine in North Korea

The Effect of Famine in North Korea The Asian continent is the world’s largest and most populous located mainly in the eastern and northern hemispheres. The population in Asia is estimated at about 4 billion people representing a whooping 60% of the world’s total human population as it currently stands (Lee 500).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Effect of Famine in North Korea specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Pacific Ocean borders Asian to the east while India is to the south of Asia. Asia is also bounded on the north by the Arctic Ocean. There are several independent states in Asia with China as the single largest country. It is these many countries that define Asia’s varying distribution of wealth. It is also characterized by its immeasurable size and magnificent range of different cultures, historical backgrounds, environmental orientation, natural resources and different government systems. The paper seeks to primarily f ocus on the effects of famine in North Korea. It will highlight its background information, the cause of famine in detail as well as the role of its government system in influencing economic development. North Korea is a one of the countries in the larger Asia. It is also referred to as the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK) (Lee 513). Pyongyang is the largest and capital city of North Korea. It is divided from South Korea by The Korean Demilitarized Zone. North Korea borders China to its western region and Russian to the North-east. In 1948, North Korea declined to participate in an election that was held in the south which was supervised by the United Nations. This refusal led to the creation of the current independent governments of North and South Korean states (Lee 517). Continued tag of war for the sovereignty over the whole of Peninsula resulted in the Korean War in the year 1950. The war ended three years later with armistice but no peace treaty was ever sig ned which implies that the two states are still at war on book. The two states joined the UN in 1991 with North Korea withdrawing unilaterally from the armistice in May 2009.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As far as politics is concerned, North Korea has been a single-party state. Its united front is steered by the Korean Workers’ Party and is governed by the ideology of self-reliance known as Juche which was advocated by North Korea’s late â€Å"Eternal President† Kim Il-sung. The ideology was made official in 1972 when the state adopted a new constitution. Juche had been used all along by Kim Il-sung to develop policies since mid 1950s. North Korea is officially a socialist republic but its operations have made other outside countries to regard it as a totalitarian Stalinistic characterized by dictatorship. Kim Jong-il, Kim Il-sung’s son, is the current leader of the armed forces and secretary of the KWP Central Committee Secretariat. Kim Il-sung is the only president since he was never replaced when he died in 1994, but instead he was the given the name, â€Å"Eternal President†. The ceasefire of 1953 marked the end of the Korean War but since then the relationship between the government of North Korea and America, Canada, Japan, Europe, the European Union, as well as South Korea has been tense (Eberstadt, Marc, Albina 86). This has been fueled by North Korean program of enriching uranium. North Korean legislature is the Supreme People’s Assembly which is currently being led by Kim Yong -man North Korean climate is also of notable importance. It has four major seasons across the year. Long winter season comes with biting cold. This country experiences snowfall of 37 days on average during the winter season. It ha s also been established that the northern mountainous regions have a tendency to exp erience particularly harsh weather which in turn may negatively affect cultivation (Noland, Sherman, Tao 437). The period during which summer occurs is relatively shorter.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Effect of Famine in North Korea specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It tends to be hot, humid, and rainy as a result of the southern and southeast monsoon winds that blow moisture from over the Pacific Ocean. It is during summer that the Peninsula is affected by typhoons with a frequency of once every summer. The third and the fourth seasons are the spring and autumn respectively. They are transitional periods which are characterized by mild temperatures and varying winds which bring forth pleasing weather. Moreover, there are natural hazards that occur in North Korea which include; drought experienced during the spring season and later occasionally followed by destructive flooding. Typhoons, on the other hand, ar e experienced mostly for the period of the early fall. North Korea has experienced disasters of varying magnitudes that have impacted negative on the country’s general development. In 1995, North Korea was hit by devastating famine and by 1997; the damage was at its peak. The famine’s origin was traced by the country’s authority to the extraordinary floods coupled with the collapse of the Soviet Union in the mid-1990s (Noland, Sherman, Tao 459). The losses caused by starvation and hunger-related illness have been estimated, according to North Korea’s Public Security Ministry, to be between 2.5 million and 3 million lives. This was during the period between 1995 and March 1998, which represents about 12 % of the country’s total population in 2009 (Eberstadt, Marc, Albina 94). Prior to the famine, North Korea could provide food to all its citizens following the massive industrialization program of agricultural production in the preceding decades. T he economic system had been relatively stable due to healthy relationship with the Soviet Union as far as trade and pricing was concerned.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The economic development has always been directly under the control of the state. The dawn of the unfortunate fall of the Soviet Union in the early 1990s impacted negatively on the economic growth of the country due to loss of ready market (Eberstadt, Marc, Albina 97). There was a significant decrease in productivity in the country’s agricultural and industrial sectors. These events were to set the pace for the then looming crisis in North Korea. It was in the year 1992 and 1993 that the media in North Korea started advocating for regulation of daily meals by the citizens (Smith 98). The media requested people to reduce the meals per day to two rather than the usual three, claiming that excessive eating was unhealthy for the body. People in some regions started experiencing food shortages and they could go for days without food despite the government’s concerted efforts to supply the rationing coupons. Food distribution started going down in the later months of 1994 a nd this implied that the shops had nothing to offer then. In 1994, the North Korean media officially admitted that hunger existed in the country (Niksch, 11 April, 1996). A year later, the North Korean government gave in to the fact that there was a national food shortage. This admission triggered negotiations for external food aid and in June, the government in Pyongyang reached a consensus with the governments of Japan and South Korea. The following month, government announced to its citizens that the country will receive foreign food aid, though the authorities did not mention the role of the South in the emergency rescue. While still reacting to the national hunger crisis emanating from the failure of trade and production systems, North Korea was yet to experience another equally devastating disaster that only helped to enhance the existing disaster (Smith 107). It was in the months of July and August, 1995 that the country experienced catastrophic floods that brought North Kore a crumbling. The effects were overwhelming. According to government sources, it resulted in the displacement of 5.4 million people as well as the destruction of about 330, 000 hectares of land used for crop production. Furthermore, about 1.9 million tons of grain had been completely lost in the havoc (Eberstadt, Marc, Albina 101). The damage accruing from floods alone, as reported by the government, was estimated at about $15 billion. The impacts of the floods were immensely huge. At the end of 1995, reports from reliable sources estimated that about 2.1 million and 500,000 pregnant women were at risk of dying due to starvation, especially in the following months (Noland, Sherman, Tao 467). In July 1996, floods, though of lesser severity were experienced resulting in renewed call for help in anticipation of more devastating effects in the form of famine. In March 1997, North Korea started reporting cases of malnourishment caused by famine. The claims of a major famine were, howeve r, disputed by other observers on the ground. It is imperative to note that famine in North Korean is a product of so many other factors characterized by systematic crisis and continued decline in income generation (Smith 106). Entitlement of vulnerable groups has also helped in escalating the problem due to starvation. Decisions by the government to regulate supply of food through the Public Distribution System (PDS) exposed the entitlement groups to starvation more than the market forces did. PDS as a system has been used for some time to supply subsidized food rations to about 62% of the country’s population (Smith 110). Apart from the ray of other structural problems in North Korea, the organizational problems in the agricultural sector have added to the crisis. The over-centralization of decision-making as well as over-reliance on state farms has been identified to be part of the major causes of famine (Smith, 112). Most of the country’s crisis, therefore, does no t arise solely from natural disasters but government policies and operations have helped in courting trouble for the North Korean people. Immediate reforms to the government system should be made as well as the restoration of the country’s global image since even after a decade into the 21st century; the country has sour relations with most partner states like South Korea and the US. The essay has briefly discussed North Korean as a country. It has elaborated on the causes and effects of famine which include poor trade systems, and catastrophic floods resulting in the deaths of millions of North Korean people. Government policies have been identified as playing a major role in thwarting economic development in North Korea and that a lot need to be done to save the country from further devastation. Eberstadt, N., Marc, R., Albina, T. (2005). Impact of the Collapse of Soviet and Russian Trade with the DPRK, 1989-1993. The Korean Journal of National  Unification. 4 (2) 86-10 3 Lee, H. (2009). Korea and World Affairs: Supply and Demand for Grains in North Korea.  Journal of Policy Reform. 14 (3) 500-52. Niksch, L. (1996). North Korean Food Shortages: U.S. and Allied Responses. CRS  Report to Congress, Washington, 11 April. Noland, M., Sherman, R. Tao W. (1999). Rigorous Speculation: The Collapse and Revival of the North Korean Economy. Working Paper Series No. 99-1.  Washington: Institute for International Economics. 435-67 Smith, H. (2000). The North Korean Food Economy: Catalyst for Collapse? In Economic Integration of the Korean Peninsula. SPECIAL REPORT. Washington: Institute for International Economics, 97-112

How to Do the Barking Dog Chemistry Demonstration

How to Do the Barking Dog Chemistry Demonstration The Barking Dog chemistry demonstration is based on an exothermic reaction between nitrous oxide or nitrogen monoxide and carbon disulfide. Ignition of the mixture in a long tube results in a bright blue chemiluminescent flash, accompanied by a characteristic barking or woofing sound. Materials for the Barking Dog Demonstration Stoppered glass tube containing N2O (nitrous oxide) or NO (nitrogen monoxide or nitric oxide). You can prepare and collect nitrous oxide or nitrogen monoxide yourself.CS2, carbon disulfideLighter or match How to Perform the Barking Dog Demonstration Unstopper the tube of nitrous oxide or nitrogen monoxide to add a few drops of carbon disulfide.Immediately re-stopper the container.Swirl the contents around to mix the nitrogen compound and carbon disulfide.Light a match or lighter. Unstopper the tube and ignite the mixture. You can throw a lit match into the tube or use a long-handled lighter.The flame front will move rapidly, creating a bright blue chemiluminescent flash and a barking or woofing sound. You can re-light the mixture a few times. After the demonstration is performed, you can see sulfur coating the inside of the glass tube. Safety Information This demonstration should be prepared and performed inside a fume hood by a person wearing safety goggles. Carbon disulfide is toxic and has a low flash point. What Is Happening in the Barking Dog Demonstration? When the nitrogen monoxide or nitrous oxide is mixed with carbon disulfide and ignited, a combustion wave travels down the tube. If the tube is long enough you can follow the progression of the wave. The gas ahead of the wavefront is compressed and explodes at a distance determined by the length of the tube (which is why when you re-ignite the mixture, the barking sounds in harmonics). The bright blue light that accompanies the reaction is one of the few examples of a chemiluminescent reaction that occurs in the gas phase. The exothermic decomposition reaction between nitrogen monoxide (oxidizer) and carbon disulfide (fuel) forms nitrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide and elemental sulfur. 3 NO CS2 → 3/2 N2 CO SO2 1/8 S8 4 NO CS2 → 2 N2 CO2 SO2 1/8 S8 Notes about the Barking Dog Reaction This reaction was performed by Justus von Liebig in 1853 using nitrogen monoxide and carbon disulfide. The demonstration was so well-received that Liebig performed it a second time, although this time there was an explosion (Queen Therese of Bavaria received a minor wound on the cheek). Its possible the nitrogen monoxide in the second demonstration was contaminated with oxygen, to form nitrogen dioxide. There is also a safer alternative to this project that you can do with or without a lab.

A Routine Day Essay Sample

It’s bright and I can’t see much. I hear my small sister following close behind me. The same ritual everyday it has become a wont. it is like this modus operandi is etched into my tegument. I don’t believe about what I’m making and I what I’m traveling to make it’s like the musculuss have remembered. what I do exactly. â€Å"onee-chan. onee-chan† she says ah there it is that angel like voice its Wyrd but that voice is the lone thing I respond to these yearss. I turn about and at that place she is waiting for me to state something back. â€Å"yes kazuya-chan is at that place something you need? † I inquiry. She replies â€Å"No† I don’t understand why she calls me. I have some thoughts but all of them seem stupid. I didn’t even notice but I have started walking kazuya’s keeping my manus. Its quite loud this forenoon the autos are rushing through the busy roads of Tokyo with the brutality of Wolfs in the center of a Hunt and the grace of a swan. We reach kazuya’s school. â€Å"Ok kazuya here’s your tiffin and I will pick you up after school. Ok? † I say She rolls her eyes at me and says â€Å"I know onee-chan im non a small miss any longer I’m in Junior high. † I laugh. â€Å"I know you’re non a small miss any longer but i still worry about you and i ever will. † I hug her and so retrieve that it is her shuting graduation this afternoon. â€Å"actually i’ll be here early to watch you graduate your first twelvemonth of junior high. † I see a big smile appear on her face and she says â€Å"Thanks Onee-chan. † before running off to run into up with her friends. I linger around non desiring to go forth but i know Is have to and i start aimlessly traveling towards work. I stop I can hear a weak voice naming out my name. As one turn around Ayame my clumberson work spouse runs in to me. I get up express joying. â€Å"You truly necessitate to halt running in to me in the forenoon. it’s like you are making it on intent. †

Laws of Physics behind Aikido Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Laws of Physics behind Aikido - Research Paper Example Aikido methods comprise of entering and turning movements, which readdress the force or energy of an opponents attack, and a joint or throw lock that ceases the technique (Mroczkowski, 2012). Even though, it derives largely from the martial arts of DaitÃ… -ryÃ… « Aiki-jÃ… «jutsu, it started to deviate from it in the late 20s, partially because of Ueshibas association to the Ã…Å'moto-kyÃ…  religious conviction. His initial students writings have the phrase aiki-jÃ… «jutsu (Mroczkowski, 2012). However, his senior students have unique approaches to the fighting method, relying partially on when they learnt with him. Today, the style is seen all over the world in countless methods, with a couple of interpretation and stress. Nevertheless, they all share methods that were developed by Ueshiba and a majority have apprehension for the safety of the attacker. Because the technique involves force and reaction, physics is normally involved when it comes to the execution of its techniques. Th is paper will discuss the laws of physics behind Aikido and how things like force, momentum, rotational speed, direction, impulse and conservation of energy can work for or against a person. Similar to Judo, Aikido is a form of martial arts, which demands an intuitive comprehension of the physics of forces, stability, torques plus rotational motion (Mroczkowski, 2012). The grace that each needs is not simply conveyed, but each and every method can be split into components, which can be assessed in reference to classical physics. Aikido seeks to surmount a rival’s stability. It is a fairly modern type of martial art, which integrates methods from a couple of other martial art methods. It is differentiated by its firm code of making sure that you do not injury the opponent. Thus, it is mainly a type of self-defense when compared to other martial arts methods such as judo (Mroczkowski, 2012). It incorporates no methods, which can be deemed as attacks and many critics have deemed it as the

Single, Married, Separated and Life after Divorce Essay

Single, Married, Separated and Life after Divorce - Essay Example many convincing bible verse evidences, the author proposes that the spouses must strive to keep their marriage alive, resolving individual or family risk and enhancing resilience. The intended audience of Munroe Myles’s book is anyone who can read a book. The audience includes married and single readers. The audience includes the separated or divorced readers. The audience target includes people who are currently in love or breaking out of love. Singleness. â€Å"One lady approached the author stating â€Å"I can’t take it anymore. I am tired of being single. I need a mate now. I am growing older, and life is passing me by (Munroe 11).† The author describes that there are many advantage to being single. First, one will have a unique person. There is no nagging spouse or noisy children. The cultural, social, and economic tenets of society dictates that it is best for a person to get married, a world order (2 Cor 4:4) Further, the author reiterates that the bible does not equate being single as bad or equate being single as being alone. Being single is not the same as being alone. The author insists that one should not marry until one is totally singe. To marry, one must first be separate, unique, and a whole person (Munroe 12). Often marriages crumble into separation or divorce because the marriage partners are not unique or single. The goal of the Christian life is to be separate, unique, and whole person, a vessel that holds a priceless treasure, Jesus Christ (2 Cor 4:7) (Munroe 14). Married. The author insists that the traditional concept of marriage is that it is the basic building block or foundation of society. The reiterates that â€Å"marriage works perfectly only if the right ingredients are mixed together (Munroe 68).† The lack of the minimum required ingredient declines to the state of separation or divorce. Further, the author insists that one should marry only to comply with God’s will (Munroe 140).When the marriage breaks up; society also

The Impact of the growing attention between GCC and China Thesis

The Impact of the growing attention between GCC and China - Thesis Example The main reason for the study is that most countries across the world have for the past engaged and created a relationship with the ‘west’ especially the United States since it has been renowned as the world super power. The current investigation is a perfect example of how GCC which has member states such as Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, and Saudi Arabia have taken a bold step in ‘looking east’ in order to satisfy the needs of each other especially economically,   politically and further. In fact, it could be argued that since the terrorist attack in the United States in 2001 among other related issues, most countries across the world with the inclusion of the GCC member states have now opted to break new grounds in the East by declaring their interest in participating and getting involved in China’s progression. Moreover, this study is aimed at ensuring that there is clear justification on why the   GCC member states have resolved on approaching China in most if not all their developments. In fact, the study will seek to discuss reasons as to why other countries, particularly in the developing world, understand the impact that is likely to emerge when there is the continuous growth of attention between the GCC and China.   The relationship between these two entities is continually intertwined since the GCC is renowned worldwide for the production of oil, gas and other energy-related products necessary in stabilizing, and further enlarging the economic power that is needed by China for the world at large.

Oedipus the King Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Oedipus the King - Essay Example Oedipus is a strong personality, indeed. He represents a kind of compassionate and careful, fair but strict leader. He is characterized by swiftness of thought and action and frankness. He possesses all the features any audience would like their leader to possess. Oedipus expresses his sincere concern of the health and well-being of his people: â€Å"Explain your mood and purport. Is it dread /Of ill that moves you or a boon ye crave?/ My zeal in your behalf ye cannot doubt/ Ruthless indeed were I and obdurate/ If such petitioners as you I spurned† (11-15). Being a thoughtful ruler and a person of action, Oedipus had sent Creon, his right hand, to the oracle even before priest came to him. As Creon returns, Oedipus insists on his reporting the oracle’s answer in front of all the people: â€Å"Speak before all; the burden that I bear/ Is more for these my subjects than myself† (100-101). Learning that it is necessary to punish the murderer of Laius, staying in The bes, Oedipus behaves as a fair, strict but kind ruler. He promises that the murderer will only be exiled from the city, his life being left to him. Oedipus promises that the same punishment will befall on people close to him. At the same time, from the very first lines Sophocles reveals the flaw that is leading Oedipus to his tragedy. This is pride. Entering, Oedipus declares: â€Å"am hither come, myself, I Oedipus, your world-renowned king† (7-8). At the beginning of the second scene Oedipus conveys his belief that he can replace gods. As he enters and hears the chorus’s prayer to gods to save Thebes, Oedipus says: â€Å"Ye pray; tis well, but would ye hear my words/ And heed them and apply the remedy,/Ye might perchance find comfort and relief† (218-210). This pride causes Oedipus’s blindness, leading him to his downfall. Obviously, it was his self-pride, which guided him earlier as he left the home of his foster parents and set off trying to deceive his

School Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

School Research - Essay Example To complement these subjects, design & build courses are likewise taught to extend conventional studio conditions in order to make students realize the relationship between design, detailing and construction. After browsing the website, I particularly liked the emphasis given on the School's objective of having well-rounded students. This means that while students are able to master the rudiments of architecture, they are also given the opportunity to define their specific professional and personal goals. Moreover, there appears to be a balance between the theoretical and practical courses offered. On the down side, I noted that for design & build courses, focus is given on affordable housing and accessible recreation facilities. I think that this somehow limits the potential of students who may opt to design other types of structures. In terms of presentation, the aesthetics is sufficient to capture the interest of readers. However, the wording may still be improved so that readers would easily understand course descriptions. Furthermore, more pictures of actual classroom settings should be posted so that it would be easier to imagine the School's environment.

The Impact of the growing attention between GCC and China Thesis

The Impact of the growing attention between GCC and China - Thesis Example The main reason for the study is that most countries across the world have for the past engaged and created a relationship with the ‘west’ especially the United States since it has been renowned as the world super power. The current investigation is a perfect example of how GCC which has member states such as Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, and Saudi Arabia have taken a bold step in ‘looking east’ in order to satisfy the needs of each other especially economically,   politically and further. In fact, it could be argued that since the terrorist attack in the United States in 2001 among other related issues, most countries across the world with the inclusion of the GCC member states have now opted to break new grounds in the East by declaring their interest in participating and getting involved in China’s progression. Moreover, this study is aimed at ensuring that there is clear justification on why the   GCC member states have resolved on approaching China in most if not all their developments. In fact, the study will seek to discuss reasons as to why other countries, particularly in the developing world, understand the impact that is likely to emerge when there is the continuous growth of attention between the GCC and China.   The relationship between these two entities is continually intertwined since the GCC is renowned worldwide for the production of oil, gas and other energy-related products necessary in stabilizing, and further enlarging the economic power that is needed by China for the world at large.

School Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

School Research - Essay Example To complement these subjects, design & build courses are likewise taught to extend conventional studio conditions in order to make students realize the relationship between design, detailing and construction. After browsing the website, I particularly liked the emphasis given on the School's objective of having well-rounded students. This means that while students are able to master the rudiments of architecture, they are also given the opportunity to define their specific professional and personal goals. Moreover, there appears to be a balance between the theoretical and practical courses offered. On the down side, I noted that for design & build courses, focus is given on affordable housing and accessible recreation facilities. I think that this somehow limits the potential of students who may opt to design other types of structures. In terms of presentation, the aesthetics is sufficient to capture the interest of readers. However, the wording may still be improved so that readers would easily understand course descriptions. Furthermore, more pictures of actual classroom settings should be posted so that it would be easier to imagine the School's environment.

Zimbabwe Taxation Essay Example for Free

Zimbabwe Taxation Essay The tax system currently enforced in Zimbabwe under the authority of the Income tax Act Chap 23. 06 with Acts like the Capital Gains Act Chap 23. 01, Finance Act Chap 23. 04 and the Excise duties Act as complimentary. The system evolved from traditional ideologies perpetuated from pre pre-colonial era up to now. The incidence of tax from a traditional perspective occurred from as far as the Rozvi State who was allowed to maintain their power and control by the Portuguese Traders which resulted in the development of the tributary system. In which tribute was to be paid in form of farm produce, animal skins, fish and various goods. Every person under the protection of the kingdom and within the chief’s jurisdiction was to pay tribute from their occupational activity. This tributary system was mainly instigated by military control and any person revoking this tradition was punished. This traditional view is reflected in the modern tax system as there are some synonymous traits which have of course been duly developed over time. The presence of the British settlers saw the tax system being inclined towards politics and social classes or race in other words. In 1894 Hut Tax was introduced and was set at 10 shillings per hut and this tax was imposed on each adult male. The tax was paid to the British South Africa company which was the agent of the colonial government in the area even though it was initially authorised by the Colonial Office in London. Hut Tax was paid in the form of money, labour, grain or livestock and the colonial Authorities in this case the British were the beneficiaries. This tax benefited the white minority as they raised money, enhanced their economy’s liquidity (cash wise, thus supporting the currency), facilitating further development of the white minority. The whole purpose of a tax system to benefit the people at large through the services provided by the government was rather defeated as the greater proportion of tax was paid by the black majority for the benefit of the white minority. Poll tax was also another type of tax introduced by the colonial authorities again aimed at the male adult. It was set at 1 pound per male adult; 10 shilling tax on each excess wife was also introduced. Administering of tax policies was mainly set to compel the African to surrender his labour power to the settler economy so as to depend on them for the money with which they could meet their tax obligation. Initially Blacks owned the most cattle, sheep, had a bigger population thus consumed more meaning more sales tax was expected to be paid. Under the bid to frustrate black expectations of prospering and to reduce the chance of them gaining economic advantage over the whites a host of other taxes were recommended by the Southern Rhodesia Native Affairs Committee (these were later approved). The recommendations were made up of a plot to: * Introduce Dog tax * Implementing the taxation of all cattle * The continuation of poll tax * Progressive taxation of polygamous wives * A marriage fee of 5 pounds was to be set to be paid by the husband with an allowable remittance of 5 shillings for every month worked for a European Employer. (African Heritage,pg 65) At face value without any need for a comprehensive analysis it is quite evident that accumulating more of anything from cattle, increase in consumption, children and even another wife meant more tax due to be paid to the colonial authorities. Cattle tax was to be paid on the cattle owned by the people and dog tax likewise had to be paid for every dog kept. Penalties were applied through acts of confistication of cattle on most cases. The Southern Rhodesian Tax Ordinance of 1918 was not very different from the tax policies which were implemented in South Africa and the United Kingdom, though the income tax rates were not very high. Deductions were allowable for the contributions that were made to the pension funds and also generous primary abatements for dependants and as well as the secondary abatements for dependants. Insurance premiums and medical expenses were also allowed as a deduction The Pay as You Earn (P. A. Y. E) system of collecting Tax income was also adopted and it mainly operated with reference to an employed person. The definition of person in this regard mainly focuses on the natural person as it is the natural person and not the Juristic (for example Companies) that earn the employment income on which P. A. Y. E will be charged. Companies were also taxed in their own capacity and were required to pay a standard rate of 7s. 3d. n the ?. Special incentives for investment and exports were also given to benefit international trade and encourage investments in the companies established in the Zimbabwean Economy. Personal tax obligations were payable by individuals on a sliding scale ranging from  £2 per annum to  £12 per annum, this range was dependant on the income Death duties were relatively low by world standards, and were payable on a sliding scale rising to a maximum of 2s. 6d. in the pound currency, which is reached on a taxable amount of approximately  £42,000. Stamp duties were set on numerous documents recording transactions between persons and on services provided at various registries. These included a transfer duty at the rate of  £1 per cent, for the first  £4,000 of the value of property transferred and  £2 per cent, on the excess over  £4,000. Customs duties were imposed in a single column tariff on the bulk of the goods that were imported into Rhodesia. The customs duties covered protective duties for Rhodesian industries and revenue duties over a wide range of consumer goods. Almost all raw materials for industry had a 0 % duty (that is they were free of duty), as were the variety of capital goods. Excise duties were imposed on all wines, spirits, beer, cigarettes, manufactured tobacco, and motor spirit produced in Rhodesia. The consumption based sales tax, was mainly levied at the retail stage, and was the buying and selling actually occurred. The tax rate charged was 8d. Some goods were exempted from tax and thus immune to tax, these include basic food stuff, raw materials for production and capital goods for use by the industry Motor vehicle tax ranged from  £12 per annum for ordinary passenger vehicles to  £72 per annum for the heaviest public service vehicle with a charge of  £144 for diesel-powered vehicles. The Motor Vehicle tax could be paid in three instalments at the beginning of each licensing term of four months. Tax was also imposed on minor duties like trading activities, betting, and television and wireless receivers. The local government of the colonial authority attested that the tax will be confined to the field rates on the property. The accumulation of the tax payable by blacks on everything and every income that accrued to them led to an uprising (among other causative factors) resulting in the Chimurenga war which ended in 1980 the year in which Rhodesia became Zimbabwe. The tax system applied by the new regime and government was not very different from the one administered in the colonial era except that it was altered to shift the benefit to the black majority at large. Taxation cannot be divorced from economic conditions and indicators and to some extent politics. The post independence period was highly characterised with many developmental projects implemented by the Zimbabwean government through provision of social services, drought reliefs, subsidies for companies owned by the government. However this government expenditure engineered a budget deficit which had a negative impact on the tax as higher taxes were now required to meet the expenditures. Tax rates in the 1980s additions The tax system evolved gradually being influenced by economic conditions that occurred like the hyper inflationary era in 2007, 2008. The evolvement of Zimbabwe’s Tax system has seen the emergence of the Department of Taxes and the Department of Customs and Excise to form the Zimbabwe Revenue Authority (ZIMRA) in Jan 2001 but which started operating in September 2001. ZIMRA was established to enhance revenue collection and trade facilitation. (FORE 2006, pg 3) Currently, the Ministry of Finance is directly responsible for the fiscal management and thus have a direct impact on the tax system. In reference to the Constitution of Zimbabwe (Sec 102 and 201) all fees and other public revenues are paid to the Consolidated Reserve fund. The proceeds from this fund enable the government to meet its expenditure, provide services to the people. The legal framework, the administration of tax policies and the collection of taxes has been placed under the Zimbabwe Revenue Authority (ZIMRA) in the authority of the Commissioner General. The tax system under the provisions of the Income tax Act stipulates that tax is not levied on profits as in some countries but it is levied on taxable income. Zimbabwean Tax system use a source based approach in which tax is levied from income whose source is deemed to be from Zimbabwe. Not every income of every person is taxable; income from Local Authorities or institutions like POSB, Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe (RBZ) is exempt from tax this is according to sec14 of the Income Tax Act. Dividends from a company incorporated in Zimbabwe are also exempt from tax. The government has implemented reactive approaches towards taxation rather than a proactive one this is seen y the Fiscalisation of cash registers in order to reduce the losses in Value added tax (VAT) Collection as VAT is the major contributor of tax revenue mainly because it is consumption based, and orrowing from principles of micro economics it can be proven that people consume whether they have income or not from the marginal propensity to consume concept . The fiscalisation of cash registers can increase the amount VAT collected from businesses as the transactions incurred can be monitored through a memory card placed in the registers which are linked to the revenue authorities. The Value Added Tax Act [Chap 23. 11] is the main authority which governs the collection of VAT Tax bands are used on individual income in countries like South Africa, Zambia and Botswana. The use of tax bands makes PAYE a progressive tax which is redistributive. This leads to the reasoning that the proportion of tax revenue from PAYE should be higher than that from the non progressive taxes such as VAT and customs duty. In Zimbabwe tax is classified under proportional tax, progressive tax, regressive tax and direct tax. Individuals’ income from employment is taxed using tax bands, while income from trade or investment has been taxed at the same rate as that for corporate tax which was a flat rate 30% in 2009 and has gone down to 25% in 2010. The tax free band for income from employment was set at US$150 a month when the economy was dollarized in 2009 and was increased marginally to US$160 a month The advent of the Inclusive Government in 2009 in the post inflationary period where the tax and revenue base were dwindling resulted in the implementation of tax reforms to revive the tax system. This was difficult especially in the collection of corporate tax as most companies were operating below capacity. Corporate tax currently charged at 25% . Since tax is highly linked to development, tax incentive to foreign companies willing to invest in the country have been made so as to alleviate development. Tax concessions under special mining licences are also given, windfall gain tax is also charged in the mining sector. The holder’s of special mining rights are charged at a lower rate of 15% and are subject to Windfall Gain Tax which is levied on the additional profits. This profit is not attributable to production but occurs when the price of a certain commodity rises above a certain level (AFRODAD 2011, pg19). This tax charge is currently set at 31. 176%. The government once made an attempt to exempt ZIMPLATS from paying tax on additional profit tax but ZIMRA never implemented this action and still went on to collect tax from it. The Income Tax Act is revised and reformed from time to time this is the responsibility of the Tax Steering Committee which was set up soon after the Inclusive Government was established. This Committee comprises of the minister of Finance Mr. T Biti, some representatives from the private sector and ZIMRA itself. The committee aims to solve the challenge faced by tax authorities in Zimbabwe of trying to broaden tax base and at the same time simplify tax collection and easing the debt burden. The Final Deduction system is also a notable development of Zimbabwe’s tax system. It is a system in which the employer is required to deduct P.  A. Y. E from the employee’s income in a way that it becomes the final tax. The final deduction system (FDS) was implemented in 2000 but it was initially introduced in 1997/98 (AFRODAD 2011, pg 18). The directive governing the deduction of P. A. Y. E under the F. D. S system is taken from the 13th schedule of the Income Tax Act. There is then no need for the employees to submit tax returns at the end of the tax year.

Mosquito: Diseases and Control

Mosquito: Diseases and Control Mosquitoes: The Diseases They Carry and Methods of Controlling the Populations   People who live in Alaska are definitely aware of the tiny insect known as the Mosquito. Most people do not realize the deadly diseases that they may carry and the possible effects that commonly used repellants may have. There are three main diseases carried and transmitted by mosquitoes, they are: West Nile, Malaria, and Dengue. Although these diseases are more prevalent in tropical areas, there is still a high risk for the citizens of Alaska of contracting one of these deadly diseases. Many people drench themselves in repellants, many containing N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET), but are there alternatives? There are as many as 230 products containing the chemical DEET known to the EPA, but there are many alternatives to using DEET, such as citronella and essential oils (Hayhurst). DEET has been approved by the EPA for years to help deter mosquitoes from biting. One of the most widely used ways in which modern society tried to control mosquitoes was by spraying dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) over the Island of Sardinia, and island off the coast of Italy. Malaria had been present, but not prevalent until World War II malaria raged to the status of a full on epidemic. The Italian government and a private foundation enlisted the help of 25,000 people working in the field, 5 air craft, two helicopters, countless automobiles, and many field offices. The mosquito that was the subject of the extermination was the Anopheles labranchiae, the known carrier of malaria on the island. This species of mosquito has a soft body, brow coloring, and four dark marks on each wing. Not only did the workers attack the breeding locations of the mosquitoes, but they also sprayed homes, rivers, ponds, and fields with the DDT. In the extermination effort the workers used around 256 tons, 260,000 kilograms, of DDT. The effort was only partially successful. The number of reported malaria cases dropped to just 4 reported cases four years after the dusting, but when scouts went out to search for the Anopheles labrachiae they found that both adults and the larvae in the brackish streams and swamps. In the minds of the Italian government this was a failure (Andrew Spielman Sc.D 148-49). Although the mosquito extermination was seen as a failure, the initial consensus in Greece, where 16% of children tested positive for malaria parasites, was that the use of DDT was a success. There were very few accidental deaths of other insects. Around 1942 over 50 percent of the population of Greece had been infected with malaria. In 1947 the government set out to eradicate the local carrier of malaria, Anopheles sacharovi. The citizens of Greece welcomed the workers who dusted the country as a liberating army (Andrew Spielman Sc.D 149) There were also positive effects on crops. Olive farmers were fortunate to get their olive trees dusted, which killed off the caterpillars that in previous years had destroyed the crops. They were able to have a much larger harvest. Many towns experienced a reduction in all pests, including cockroaches, lice, and fleas, along with the mosquitoes. Soon after the dusting began malaria was gone from the islands. The citizens couldnt be happier, until something unexpected happened (Andrew Spielman Sc.D 149). The scientists were having lunch out in the country, and began to notice the flies returning. They were not overly concerned until they saw the dreaded Anopheles sacharovi flying around them. They scientists could not understand how the mosquitoes were surviving in a place that had been dusted with DDT. It was soon realized that the deadly malaria carrying Anopheles sacharovi had adapted and become DDT resistant. After this discovery scientists discovered how to use the pesticide to upset the cycle of malaria infections (Andrew Spielman Sc.D 149-50). Although DDT was widely used all across the world, a successful mosquito eradication campaign was started in 1900 in New Jersey. Before the start of this rigorous campaign certain low lying areas of large metropolitan areas were uninhabitable because of the high populations of mosquitoes. A scientist by the name of John B. Smith began the campaign and only had rudimentary knowledge of the mosquito behaviors and species in the state. The first state was to identify the dominant species transmitting the malaria. He then identified the most common breeding areas of the mosquitoes of the area, the Ochlerotatus sollicitans and the Anopheles quardrimaculatus. This kind of mosquito particularly liked to breed in brackish water and swamps. Smith termed this effort mosquito control instead of extermination. At first this idea was completely rejected until the results of this revolutionary idea started to appear. Smith sent his crews all over the state to dig drainage ditches that would attrac t the mosquitoes for breeding. After the mosquitoes had laid their eggs in the ditches, the workers went back and filled them with oil. This caused the population of malaria carrying mosquitoes to drop dramatically in the areas where this technique was utilized. This had a positive secondary effect on the economy of the larger cities such as Newark and Elizabeth. There was a housing boom in the formerly unlivable areas and a population growth. In addition to these effects, the cases of malaria were diminished to only a few. These original ditches are still in use today across the states of New Jersey and New York (Andrew Spielman Sc.D). Malaria is one of the most widespread diseases transmitted by mosquitoes carrying the parasite. There are as many as 50 types of malaria carrying Anopheles mosquitoes around the world (Major mosquito-borne diseases). The Anopheles mosquito tends to bite at night, why every person needs to sleep under a mosquito net in areas ravaged with malaria (Brody). The parasite that causes malaria is the Plasmodium. There are four kinds of Plasmodium that affect humans. They are: Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium ovale. The most common are Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax. One of these happens to be the most dangerous, Plasmodium falciparum (WHO). Even though malaria is a parasitic disease, it is 100 percent preventable and also can be cured with the proper medication. The first symptoms of malaria tend to begin about ten to fifteen days. After the ten to fifteen days the first symptoms tend to be a fever, headache, chills, and vomiting (WHO). Tra velers who do not have immunity and pregnant women, even those who have partial immunity, are at the highest risk for contracting malaria from an infected mosquito (WHO). The most widely used medication to cure malaria is artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs). The best chance for curing a patient is early diagnosis and treatment with these medications. Not only is curing the already infected important, but disease prevention, especially in low income countries, is key. In the developing nations of malaria, the disease has a large impact on the economy and but a burden on the country as a whole. The one down side to these widely used drugs is that the Plasmodium parasites are quickly developing a resistance to them. To avoid the resistance people are now using ACTs as well as artemisinin monotherapy (WHO). According to Jane Brody, in recent years there has been a large increase in the number of cases of dengue fever. This mosquito-borne disease is not directly transmitted from human to human, but is transmitted through mosquitoes. If a mosquito bites an infected human, and then bite a non-infected human, the disease will be spread. The main mosquito that transmits the dengue fever is the Aedes aegypti, which likes to bite during the day especially in the morning and late afternoon (Brody). There are four kinds of the virus that cause dengue fever. They are a flavivirus and all vary slightly, but the four kinds are DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3, and DEN-4. Once a human being is infected with one of the four kinds of dengue fever, they have a life time of immunity to that particular type, but are still susceptible to a secondary infection from any of the other 3 types. Research shows that it is most likely the second infection, instead of the third or fourth, that can lead to dengue hemorrhagic fever, which is much more deadly. When this happens a persons capillaries begin to leak fluid. The person does not die from dengue hemorrhagic fever, but rather dengue shock syndrome due to extreme blood loss (Brody). According to the author of an article in Natural History Magazine, dengue fever may be deadly; the mortality rates are not high. The virus can only live for a short time in a human host and only has an incubation period of between four and seven days. The kinds of mosquitoes that are carriers of the virus are Aedes aegypti, Aedes polynesiensis, and Aedes albopictus. As the Aedes albopictus begins to spread into the western hemisphere, there is a greater risk for people in the United States of contracting this virus. After a person has been infected with a form of dengue they have some immunity against yellow fever and vice versa (Major mosquito-borne diseases). The West Nile virus was first seen in Uganda around the West Nile region, hence the name, in the mid 1900s. Although this disease has been recognized for over 70 years, the first cases appeared in the United States in 1999. Once the disease hit America, the virus spread at an alarming rate across the country and is now reported in almost every state. Even though the virus is wide spread, it is rare to contract this disease. If it is contracted, the symptoms are usually not severe and tend to manifest like a mild case of the flu. The virus become deadly when a person is elderly or has a compromised immune system. If a person with such a condition becomes infected with the virus West Nile becomes deadly because the risk of encephalitis, also known as swelling of the brain, occurring goes up (Tufts University). Certain birds in the United States are the main carriers of the West Nile virus. Those birds are crows and jays. The mosquitoes pick up the virus when they bite an infected bird and the virus then goes to the insects salivary glands. Once an infected mosquito bites a human, the virus incubates for between two and fourteen days. There are other ways, although extremely uncommon, that West Nile can be transmitted. They are: organ transplant, blood transfusion, mother to unborn child, breast-feeding, and laboratory acquisition (Mayo Clinic Staff). The mosquito is a vector of many different diseases, the most common being malaria, dengue fever, and West Nile virus. Many people over the years have tried to eradicate the tiny insect in an effort to prevent disease. Today a solution is needed for the growing mosquito problem across the globe that has not only killed millions in Africa, but is beginning to claim lives in the Northern Hemisphere, including lives in the United States. If steps are not taken to address this problem, tens of millions of people will fall victim to the diseases carried by this tiny insect benign in appearance. The mosquito may seem nonthreatening, and the bite an annoyance, but the itchy welt may spell out disaster for humans in every country of the world.